In-depth Analysis of the "Three Electrics" Core in New Energy Vehicles: Making Your Car Buying Decision More Precise

Understanding the Composition and Function of the "Three Electrics"

The "Three Electrics" in electric vehicles primarily refer to the Battery, Motor, and Electrical Control System.

Battery: The battery serves as the power source for new energy vehicles, responsible for storing and releasing electrical energy. The performance of the battery directly influences the vehicle's range, charging speed, and safety. Common types include lithium-ion batteries and nickel-metal hydride batteries. Key indicators such as battery capacity, energy density, and charging speed are critical in assessing battery performance.

In power batteries, the battery cell is the most vital component, consisting of four major materials: cathode material, anode material, separator, and electrolyte. Presently, new energy vehicles predominantly use lithium batteries. In the past, nickel-metal hydride and lead-acid batteries were common, but they have now been mostly phased out.

Motor: The motor converts electrical energy provided by the battery into mechanical energy to drive the vehicle. The motor's performance directly affects the vehicle's power output, acceleration, and fuel efficiency. Common motor types include DC motors, AC asynchronous motors, permanent magnet synchronous motors, and switched reluctance motors. Important performance indicators include motor power and torque.

DC motors have been eliminated, and switched reluctance motors are rare in electric vehicles due to issues like high noise. AC asynchronous motors and permanent magnet synchronous motors are the main types used in new energy vehicles today. AC asynchronous motors are now relatively rare, mainly used in large, high-speed electric vehicles and European and American car models. For most consumers, permanent magnet synchronous motors are the most common.

Electrical Control System: This system integrates all control components, often referred to as the ECU, which can be understood as the "brain" of new energy vehicles. It controls the operation of the battery, motor, and auxiliary systems. The performance of the electronic control system directly impacts the driving experience, safety, and reliability of new energy vehicles. Electrical control systems typically include power management modules, energy recovery systems, and fault diagnosis systems.

The most critical components of the electronic control system are motor control and battery management system (BMS). Generally, all motor acceleration characteristics need to be controlled and adjusted by the motor control system. The basic function is to convert the DC power from the battery into the AC power required by the motor and then dynamically adjust it according to the speed output requirements.

Analyzing the Importance of the "Three Electrics"

From the above analysis, it is clear that the three-electric system functions as both the brain and the driving mechanism of new energy vehicles. Its importance is evident, and it plays a crucial role in the purchase of new energy vehicles. Therefore, when choosing new energy models, consumers should focus on indicators such as range, charging speed, and acceleration, all closely related to the three electrics. A high-quality "Three Electrics" system can provide longer battery life, faster charging, and ensure long-term stable operation. Conversely, a low-quality system may result in insufficient battery life, slow charging, and frequent failures, severely affecting the driving experience and vehicle longevity.

Key Points for Evaluating the Performance of the "Three Electrics"

When purchasing new energy vehicles, the following aspects are key to evaluating the performance of the "Three Electrics":

Battery: Focus on key indicators such as capacity, energy density, and charging rate. Understanding the battery brand and warranty policy is also an important reference.

The advantage of ternary material batteries lies in high specific energy and low cost, offering a mileage advantage. Lithium iron phosphate batteries, on the other hand, are known for high safety, long life, and lower cost than ternary cathode material batteries. However, they have lower specific energy, shorter range, and poor cold resistance.

The safety advantage of lithium iron phosphate batteries is also evident. In BYD's battery puncture test, the ternary lithium battery burned violently after being punctured, while the lithium iron phosphate battery only emitted smoke without open flames, with a surface temperature of only 200°C-400°C. In extreme cases, the battery's ability to avoid burning or exploding is crucial.

Motor: Check the motor's rated power, maximum torque, and other parameters, and examine its efficiency under different conditions. A better driving experience usually requires a motor with lower cost, higher efficiency, higher power density, and longer life. To address these needs, motor technology is constantly innovating. Flat wire motors, high-voltage motors, and oil-cooled motors have gained significant attention in recent years, effectively improving power density, efficiency, and reducing losses. The greater the power density, the smaller the motor size at the same power, saving space and manufacturing costs. Higher efficiency leads to lower losses at the motor end, extending the range of new energy vehicles with the same battery capacity.
 

Electrical Control System: Understand the brand background, technical maturity, and compatibility of the electrical control system, as well as the overall electronic control strategy of the vehicle.
 

By thoroughly understanding the "Three Electrics," consumers can make more informed car purchasing decisions and avoid being misled by unscrupulous merchants. At the same time, we hope automakers will continue to invest in "Three Electrics" technology, continuously improving product performance and providing consumers with more reliable and efficient new energy vehicle options. Models like BYD Qin L, BYD Han, BYD Leopard 5, and BYD Seal 07 DM-i are recommended for reference.